Chemerin, an 18 kDa protein and a natural ligand of GPCR Chemokine-like Receptor 1, acts as both an adipokine involved in adipocyte differentiation and a chemoattractant in the recruitment of immune response cells. Most recent publications have demonstrated that chemerin is secreted from differentiated 3T3-L1 cells and human adipocytes, and is normally expressed at low levels in pre-adipocytes with a dramatic increase in expression during differentiation into adipocytes. As an adipokine, circulating levels of chemerin correlate with body mass index (BMI), plasma triglyceride concentrations, and blood pressure. At the same time other studies have shown that, as a chemokine, chemerin plays a crucial role in the co-localization of blood natural killer cells, dendritic cells and macrophages to areas of inflammation, initiating an immune response. Consequently, these observations suggest that chemerin may be an important biomarker in understanding both the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome and the role of inflammation in eliciting an immune response.