Cell Signaling
The ability of a cell to react to various internal and external stimuli is transmitted via cell signaling. These signals, often transferred from one signaling partner to the other via phosphorylation state differences, forms a signal transduction cascade that elicits the appropriate cellular action. Many aspects of cell activity are controlled by reversible phosphorylation of target proteins that are mediated by protein kinases and their subsequent dephosphorylation by phosphatases. It has now been well established that in many cases, mutations or misregulation of members of these two families of enzymes, kinase and phosphatases, cause or are correlated with various disease states. Protein kinases play crucial roles in the regulation of many cellular events such as signal transduction, cell cycle progression, targeted proteolysis, protein trafficking, cytoskeletal organization, and gene expression. A protein’s activity may be enabled or inhibited by the phosphorylation of specific serine, threonine, or tyrosine amino acids by protein kinases resulting in altered conformations. Such pathways are the basis of all cellular mechanisms that includes many pathological processes like cancer, inflammation, diabetes, and neurological disorders result from malfunctions in cell signaling.
Millipore is the definitive source and premium provider for cell signaling products and services from Upstate. Wherever major advances in cell signaling and drug discovery are taking place, chances are that you will find Upstate products. As the leader in cell signaling, we uphold our commitment to provide researchers with the most comprehensive and advanced selection of tools to drive cell signaling research forward. Millipore provides thousands of Upstate antibodies and the largest portfolio of modification state-specific antibodies with over 500 phospho-specific antibodies, including the gold-standard of anti-Phosphotyrosine, 4G10®, and over 100 for methylation, acetylation, and ubiquitylation modifications. You will also find the world’s largest offering of kinases totaling over 325. All this to aid you in your signaling research needs. Access the same antibodies and kinases use by pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies when screening their compound libraries. All of these products are fully guaranteed, and many are pre-packaged in milligram pack sizes for larger studies. In addition to antibodies and kinases, Millipore also provides Upstate phosphatases, substrates, and inhibitors to build enzyme assays to suit your research needs. Millipore truly is the Cell Signaling leader and the solution for all of your cell signaling needs.
IHC: Paraffin embedded poorly-differentiated adenocarcinoma, stained with anti-phosphotyrosine at 10µg/ml. | WB: 40 micrograms of rat brain microsomes were probed with 0.3 10µg/ml of Anti-Rac 1, clone 23A8. | WB: NIH 3T3 cell lysate probjed with anti-IRS-1 (1 µg/ml). |
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